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Varicocele
Varicocele is a condition in which the veins inside the scrotum (the pampiniform plexus) become enlarged and twisted, similar to varicose veins in the legs. This abnormal blood pooling increases the temperature around the testicles and reduces proper oxygen flow, which can interfere with sperm production and quality, making varicocele a common cause of male infertility. It often develops during puberty and usually affects the left side more than the right. Many men have no symptoms, but some experience scrotal heaviness, dull pain, visible swollen veins, or shrinking of the affected testicle. Diagnosis is typically done through physical examination and ultrasound imaging. Treatment may not be needed in mild cases, but for pain or fertility problems, surgical repair or vein embolization can restore normal blood flow and improve sperm health.